From: Kwintessential

Facts and Statistics

Location: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between

Belize and the US and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the US

Capital: Mexico City

Climate: varies from tropical to desert

Population: 104,959,594 (July 2004 est.)

Ethnic Make-up: mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%,

white 9%, other 1%

Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%, other 5%

Government: federal republic

Language in Mexico

Spanish control of Mexico led to the dominance of Spanish, the official language. As many as 100 Native American languages are still spoken in Mexico, but no single alternative language prevails. Eighty percent of those Mexicans who speak an indigenous language also speak Spanish. The most important of the Native American languages is Nahuatl. It is the primary language of more than a million Mexicans and is spoken by nearly one-fourth of all Native Americans in the country. This is followed by Maya, used by 14 percent of Native Americans, and Mixteco and Zapoteco, each spoken by about seven percent of Native Americans. No other indigenous language is spoken by more than five percent of Mexico’s Native Americans.

Why not learn some useful Spanish phrases?

Mexican Society & Culture

Mexican Family Values

. The family is at the centre of the social structure.

. Outside of the major cosmopolitan cities, families are still generally large.

. The extended family is as important as the nuclear family since it provides a sense of stability.

. Mexicans consider it their duty and responsibility to help family members. For example, the will help find employment or finance a house or other large purchase.

. Most Mexican families are extremely traditional, with the father as the head, the authority figure and the decision-maker.

. Mothers are greatly revered, but their role may be seen as secondary to that of their husband.

Hierarchical Society

. Mexican society and business are highly stratified and vertically structured.

. Mexicans emphasize hierarchical relationships.

. People respect authority and look to those above them for guidance and decision-making.

. Rank is important, and those above you in rank must always be treated with respect.

. This makes it important to know which person is in charge, and leads to an authoritarian approach to decision-making and problem- solving.

. Mexicans are very aware of how each individual fits into each hierarchy–be it family, friends or business.

. It would be disrespectful to break the chain of hierarchy.

‘Machismo’

. Machismo literally means ‘masculinity’.

. There are different outward behaviours to display machismo.

. For example, making remarks to women is a stereotypical sign of machismo and should not be seen as harassment.

. Mexican males generally believe that nothing must be allowed to tarnish their image as a man.

Etiquette & Customs in Mexico

Meeting Etiquette

. When greeting in social situations, women pat each other on the right forearm or shoulder, rather than shake hands

. Men shake hands until they know someone well, at which time they progress to the more traditional hug and back slapping.

. Wait until invited before using a Mexican’s first name

Gift Giving Etiquette

. If invited to a Mexican’s house, bring a gift such as flowers or sweets.

. Gift wrapping does not follow any particular protocol.

. Do not give marigolds as they symbolize death.

. Do not give red flowers as they have a negative connotation.

. White flowers are a good gift as they are considered uplifting.

. Gifts are opened immediately.

. If you receive a gift, open it and react enthusiastically.

Dining Etiquette

If you are invited to a Mexican’s home:

. Arrive 30 minutes late in most places (check with colleagues to see if you should arrive later than that).

. Arriving on time or early is considered inappropriate.

. At a large party you may introduce yourself.

. At a smaller gathering the host usually handles the introductions.

Watch your table manners!

. Always keep your hands visible when eating. Keep your wrists resting on the edge of the table.

. When you have finished eating, place your knife and fork across your plate with the prongs facing down and the handles facing to the right.

. Do not sit down until you are invited to and told where to sit.

. Do not begin eating until the hostess starts.

. Only men give toasts.

. It is polite to leave some food on your plate after a meal.

Business Etiquette and Protocol in Mexico

Relationships & Communication

. The right connections facilitate business success.

. You will be judged by the person who introduces you and changing this first impression is nearly impossible.

. Since the initial meeting is generally with someone of high stature, it is important that your delegation include an upper-level executive.

. After the initial getting-to-know-you meeting, the senior executive may not attend meetings or be visible.

. This indicates you are now getting down to business and they are no longer needed to smooth the introduction.

. Demonstrating trustworthiness, sincerity, and integrity are crucial to building relationships.

. Expect to answer questions about your personal background, family and life interests.

Business Meeting Etiquette

. Business appointments are required and should be made at least 2 weeks in advance. Reconfirm the appointment one week before the meeting.

. Reconfirm the meeting again once you arrive in Mexico and make sure that the secretary of the person you will be meeting knows how to contact you.

. It is important that you arrive on time for meetings, although your Mexican business associates may be up to 30 minutes late.

. Do not appear irritated if this occurs as people often run behind schedule.

. Meetings may be postponed with little advance warning.

. Initial meetings are formal.

. Have all written material available in both English and Spanish.

. Agendas are not common. If they are given, they are not always followed.

Business Negotiation

. Since Mexicans are status conscious, you should always have someone on your negotiating team who is an executive.

. If you do not speak Spanish, hire an interpreter.

. It will take several meetings to come to an agreement.

. Face-to-face meetings are preferred over telephone, letters or email.

. Negotiations and decisions take a long time. You must be patient.

. Deadlines are seen as flexible and fluid, much like time itself.

. Negotiations will include a fair amount of haggling. Do not give your best offer first.

. Do not include an attorney on your negotiating team.

Business Dress

. Dress as you would in Europe.

. Men should wear conservative, dark coloured suits.

. Women should wear business suits or conservative dresses.

Business Cards

. Business cards are exchanged during introductions with everyone at a meeting.

. It is advisable to have one side of your business card in Spanish.

. Business cards should contain both your professional and educational qualifications.

. Present your business card with the Spanish side facing the recipient.

From: Kwintessential

Brazil

Facts and Statistics

Location: Eastern South America bordering Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia

1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km

Capital: Brazilia

Climate: mostly tropical, but temperate in south

Population: 184,101,109

Ethnic Make-up: white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish) 55%, mixed white and

black 38%, black 6%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 1%

Religions: Roman Catholic (nominal) 80%

Government: federative republic

Language in Brazil

Language is one of the strongest elements of Brazil’s national unity. Portuguese is spoken by nearly 100 percent of the population. The only exceptions are some members of Amerindian groups and pockets of immigrants, primarily from Japan and South Korea, who have not yet learned Portuguese. The principal families of Indian languages are Tupí, Arawak, Carib, and Gê.

There is about as much difference between the Portuguese spoken in Brazil and that spoken in Portugal as between the English spoken in the United States and that spoken in the United Kingdom. Within Brazil, there are no dialects of Portuguese, but only moderate regional variation in accent, vocabulary, and use of personal nouns, pronouns, and verb conjugations. Variations tend to diminish as a result of mass media, especially national television networks that are viewed by the majority of Brazilians.

Brazilian Society & Culture

Brazilian Diversity

. Brazil is a mixture of races and ethnicities, resulting in rich diversity.

. Many original Portuguese settlers married native women, which created a new race, called ‘mestizos’.

. ‘Mulattoes’ are descendents of the Portuguese and African slaves.

. Slavery was abolished in 1888, creating over time a further blurring of racial lines.

. Unlike many other Latin American countries where there is a distinct Indian population, Brazilians have intermarried to the point that it sometimes seems that almost everyone has a combination of European, African and indigenous ancestry.

Brazilian Family Values

. The family is the foundation of the social structure and forms the basis of stability for most people.

. Families tend to be large (although family size has been diminishing in recent years) and the extended family is quite close.

. The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the family.

. Nepotism is considered a positive thing, since it implies that employing people one knows and trusts is of primary importance.

The Brazilian Class System

. Despite the mixing of ethnicities, there is a class system in Brazil.

. Few Brazilians could be described as racist, although social discrimination on the basis of skin colour is a daily occurrence.

. In general, people with darker brown skin are economically and socially disadvantaged.

. The middle and upper classes often have only brief interaction with the lower classes – usually maids, drivers, etc.

. Class is determined by economic status and skin colour.

. There is a great disparity in wage differentials–and therefore lifestyle and social aspirations–among the different classes

. Although women make up 40% of the Brazilian workforce, they are typically found in lower paid jobs such as teaching, administrative support, and nursing.

. The 1988 constitution prohibits discrimination against women, but inequities still exist. The one place where women are achieving equality is in the government.

Etiquette and Customs in Brazil

Meeting Etiquette

. Men shake hands when greeting one another, while maintaining steady eye contact.

. Women generally kiss each other, starting with the left and alternating cheeks.

. Hugging and backslapping are common greetings among Brazilian friends.

. If a woman wishes to shake hands with a man, she should extend her hand first.

Gift Giving Etiquette

. If invited to a Brazilian’s house, bring the hostess flowers or a small gift.

. Orchids are considered a very nice gift, but avoid purple ones.

. Avoid giving anything purple or black as these are mourning colours.

. Handkerchiefs are also associated with funerals, so they do not make good gifts.

. Gifts are opened when received.

Dining Etiquette

If you are invited to a Brazilian’s house:

. Arrive at least 30 minutes late if the invitation is for dinner.

. Arrive up to an hour late for a party or large gathering.

. Brazilians dress with a flair and judge others on their appearance. Casual dress is more formal than in many other countries. Always dress elegantly and err on the side of over-dressing rather than under- dressing.

. If you did not bring a gift to the hostess, flowers the next day are always appreciated.

Business Etiquette and Protocol in Brazil

Relationships & Communication

. Brazilians need to know who they are doing business with before they can work effectively.

. Brazilians prefer face-to-face meetings to written communication as it allows them to know the person with whom they are doing business.

. The individual they deal with is more important than the company.

. Since this is a group culture, it is important that you do not do anything to embarrass a Brazilian.

. Criticizing an individual causes that person to lose face with the others in the meeting.

. The person making the criticism also loses face, as they have disobeyed the unwritten rule.

. Communication is often informal and does not rely on strict rules of protocol. Anyone who feels they have something to say will generally add their opinion.

. It is considered acceptable to interrupt someone who is speaking.

. Face-to-face, oral communication is preferred over written communication. At the same time, when it comes to business agreements, Brazilians insist on drawing up detailed legal contracts.

Business Negotiation

. Expect questions about your company since Brazilians are more comfortable doing business with people and companies they know.

. Wait for your Brazilian colleagues to raise the business subject. Never rush the relationship- building time.

. Brazilians take time when negotiating. Do not rush them or appear impatient.

. Expect a great deal of time to be spent reviewing details.

. Often the people you negotiate with will not have decision-making authority.

. It is advisable to hire a translator if your Portuguese is not fluent.

. Use local lawyers and accountants for negotiations. Brazilians resent an outside legal presence.

. Brazilian business is hierarchical. Decisions are made by the highest-ranking person.

. Brazilians negotiate with people not companies. Do not change your negotiating team or you may have to start over from the beginning.

Business Meeting Etiquette

. Business appointments are required and can often be scheduled on short notice; however, it is best to make them 2 to 3 weeks in advance.

. Confirm the meeting in writing. It is not uncommon for appointments to be cancelled or changed at the last minute.

. In Sao Paulo and Brasilia it is important to arrive on time for meetings. In Rio de Janeiro and other cities it is acceptable to arrive a few minutes late for a meeting.

. Do not appear impatient if you are kept waiting. Brazilians see time as something outside their control and the demands of relationships takes precedence over adhering to a strict schedule.

. Meetings are generally rather informal.

. Expect to be interrupted while you are speaking or making a presentation.

. Avoid confrontations. Do not appear frustrated with your Brazilian colleagues.

Dress Etiquette

. Brazilians pride themselves on dressing well.

. Men should wear conservative, dark coloured business suits. Three-piece suits typically indicate that someone is an executive.

. Women should wear suits or dresses that are elegant and feminine with good quality accessories. Manicures are expected.

Business Cards

. Business cards are exchanged during introductions with everyone at a meeting.

. It is advisable, although not required, to have the other side of your business card translated into Portuguese.

. Present your business card with the Portuguese side facing the recipient.

From:  Global Coaching and Consulting

Contrary to Thomas Friedman’s mantra of yore, the world is not flat. In fact, as the Financial Times commented in an August 28th editorial entitled “Rough and Smooth,”* “reality is more messy. Recent history is littered with tales of CEOs from one culture who, for whatever reason, have not stayed the course when put in charge of a company with deep roots in another.” Stuart Chambers aptly phrased it when he resigned as head of Nippon Glass: “I have learned I am not Japanese.”

What executives must grasp is that the behaviors and attitudes that got them to the top in one culture would not necessarily translate when they assumed control of a company in another country. Culture does matter, and on several levels. For executives to succeed in crossing cultures, they must realize that the greatest attribute they bring to the table is not their previous successes or reputation; in fact, these can hinder their effectiveness in a new market. Their greatest strength in moving to a company in a different country is their ability to be nimble and adaptible, open to events as they unfold. As the Financial Times article concludes, “…there is no template for how to run an Asian business – or, for that matter, a British, French, or Russian one. Running any business requires political savvy and managerial flexibility, going outside one’s comfort zone simply requires a double dose. Different business cultures are there to be navigated, not flattened into mush.”

Every culture has its own set of values that govern not only management styles, but all aspects of business, from advertising & marketing to sales to R&D. And, the range of stakeholders, their attitudes and their issues may be quite different from anything the executive had previously encountered. Laws and regulations, investor relations, unions, employee behaviors, and corporate structures are seldom identical from one culture to another, and they seldom exhibit any degree of flexibility in the short term. So, it falls to the executive to be able to adapt to a very different environment if he or she hopes to achieve any degree of success in a foreign company.

Often, however, it is not the above-mentioned workplace related challenges, but the family issues that force an executive either to refuse a lucrative overseas position or to abort it. Family relocation issues can, for example, undermine the effectiveness of an executive when his loyalties and time are split between his family in one country and the company in another. The Japanese media often attacks Sir Howard Stringer for not spending enough time in Sony’s head office. Indeed, the importance of the family’s success in managing the overseas move was given top billing in a recent Harvard Business Review* article on the subject. Simply put, “You can’t be successful in your new role if your home life is in chaos.” So obvious, yet so often overlooked.

Corporate boards of directors are surprised again and again by the failure of CEOs who have not succeeded in running a foreign corporation. The onus is on them, the board members, to be diligent in their search for the right executive, one who has not only the name recognition (the “his PR precedes him” syndrome) or the technical skills, but also an attitude of openness and flexibility, a satisfactory family situation, and a willingness to learn about new cultures. While that may seem an overwhelming task for a board, the consequences of not doing the requisite due diligence in their search can be even more daunting. However, finding the right executive for the right job with the right skills for a particular company and culture can send the company to new levels of success.

From: Kwintessential

Angola- Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette

Facts and Statistics

Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo

Capital: Luanda

Population: 12,531,357 (July 2008 est.)

Ethnic Groups: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Religions: indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (1998 est.)

Language in Angola

Portuguese is both the official and predominant language in the black, mesti ço and white populations. About 40% of Angolans speak Bantu languages as their first languages, many more as second language, although younger urban generations and some sectors of the Angolan society are moving towards the exclusive use of Portuguese. The most spoken Bantu languages are Kimbundu, Umbundu, and Kikongo (all of these have many Portuguese-derived words).

Angolan Society and Culture

The Angolan People

Although many people when asked may say they are Angolan, most of them will really have their primary sense of identity and loyalty to a tribe. The various tribes and ethnic groups tend to cluster in certain areas of the country each with their own customs, language and history.

The major ethnic groups are the Ovimnumdu, the largest, who live predominantly in the central highlands; the Mbundu who cluster around Luanda province; and the Bakongo who live in the northwest provinces. Other large groups include the Nganguela and the Lunda-Chockwe.

Religion

As you might expect in a country that was a Portuguese colony for over 500 years, the majority of the people are either Christian (Roman Catholic) or follow native beliefs. Most incorporate beliefs such as ancestor worship within a more formal religion.

The constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Religious leaders played an important role in the democratic resolution of the civil war and are ardent campaigners for social justice and human rights.

Spirit Worship

Traditional Angolan religions believe in a close connection with the spirit of dead ancestors. They believe that ancestors play a part in the lives of the living. Therefore, the spirits of dead ancestors remain prominent members of the community.

Ancestral worship is a common thread through many indigenous religions. It is considered that not revering the dead can jeopardize the living. It is thought that people must appease the ancestors so that they do not harm the living. It is believed that ancestors can bring famine, plague, disease, personal loss, and other catastrophes.

Ancestors are worshiped through ritual performances and ceremonies that often involve the sacrifice of animals.

General Etiquette and Customs

Meeting People

• The most common greeting is the handshake.

• Close friends may embrace, kiss, or offer a friendly backslap.

• As in most African countries, greetings should never be rushed.

• It is important to take time to inquire about the person’s family and other matters of general interest during the greeting process.

• Always greet elders first. It is also customary to bow when introduced to someone who is obviously older or has a more senior position.

• In rural areas, women do not look the other person in the eye, although this practice is less pronounced with younger Angolans and in Luanda.

Gift Giving Etiquette

• Gift giving is only really practised in urban areas.

• It is not so much a part of Angolan culture and as a result there are not many tips surrounding it.

• If you are invited to an Angolan’s home, bring fruit, flowers, or chocolates to the host.

• A small gift for the children is always appreciated.

• Gifts are not always opened when received.

Dining Etiquette

• Angolans are extremely hospitable and enjoy entertaining friends and family in their homes.

• In Luanda, they may also entertain in restaurants or cafés since they have adopted more Western ideas about socializing.

• The Angolan approach to entertaining retains much of the Portuguese influence, including the time of dinner invitations which are often 8 p.m.

• Dress as you would in the office. Dressing well demonstrates respect towards your hosts. Shake hands with each guest individually.

• Try not to discuss business in social situations.

• Food is often served from a communal bowl.

• Use the serving spoons to scoop food from the communal bowl on to your individual bowl.

• Hierarchy dictates that the eldest person is the first to take food from the communal plate.

• If offered the last serving of an item, offer an initial refusal and expect your host to then offer the item a second or third time, in which case you may accept.

Business Protocol in Angola

Meeting and Greeting

• Greetings are formal and courteous and include a handshake.

• Women should avoid making direct eye contact during the greeting process. Although this is less important in Luanda, since many people in the city are from another place in the country, it is a good idea to emulate the behaviour of the person you are greeting.

• Greetings often follow the African protocol of polite questions about one’s health and other social pleasantries. It is important not to rush this process.

• When meeting someone more senior than you in age or position, it is considered polite to bow slightly.

• If you know a person’s professional title, you may use the title when conversing.

• Government officials may be addressed as “Excellency” or “Excelencia” without using their surname.

• Business cards are given without formal ritual.

• Although not all Angolans have business cards, they expect expats and business travellers to have them.

• Present your card so it is readable to the recipient.

Communication Styles

Angolan businesspeople are somewhat formal and business communication tends to be restrained.

Angolans strive to please others and as a result have a tendency to say what they think the other person wants to hear. It is often difficult to get definite answers to questions, especially if the response would be negative. You may get a ‘yes’ when the answer is actually ‘no’. It is important to watch for evasions or half statements. Rather than accept assurances at face value it may be prudent to ask for specifics so that both sides have the same understanding of what statements mean.

Since Angolans prefer to do business with those they know and trust, they spend a great deal of time on relationship building. It is important to devote sufficient time to nurturing a relationship before pressing on to the business at hand.

Communication is formal and follows established rules of protocols. Angolans do not interrupt others who are speaking and expect to be afforded the same courtesy in return. Interrupting someone, especially if they are more senior to you in age or position, is a serious breach of etiquette.

Angolans use head and arm gestures to emphasize both positive and negative messages and can become very animated at times. Angolans do not require a great deal of personal space when conversing. If you back away, you may give offense or the person may step forward to close the gap.

When speaking with someone at your own level, direct eye contact means that you are sincere. When speaking to someone who is senior to you in age or position, indirect eye contact demonstrates respect. In general, women do not make direct eye contact when conversing with men, although this is changing.

Business Meetings

The first meeting is often used to get better acquainted and business may not be discussed. Angolans prefer to do business with people they know and trust, therefore, the first meeting is often used to determine if you are the type of person with whom they would want to conduct business. This getting-to-know-you conversation is an important part of business and should not be rushed.

Meetings are not always as private as they are in many other cultures. In fact, it may appear that there are several meetings taking place in the same room.

Agendas are not part of the business culture. If provided, they generally act as a starting point for discussions rather than an itemized list of what will be covered. Attempting to rigidly adhere to an agenda is not recommended, unless you are meeting with the petroleum industry.

Meetings have a formal ambiance. It is suggested that you not remove your suit jacket unless invited to do so, as this is seen as too casual. A strong Portuguese influence remains prevalent in Luanda and adhering to such behaviour demonstrates respect to the people with whom you are meeting.

From: Kwintessential

Nigeria- Language, Culture, Customs, and Etiquette

Facts and Statistics

Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon

Capital: Abuja

Population: 135,031,164

Ethnic Groups: over 250 ethnic groups including Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%

Language in Nigeria

The number of languages currently estimated and catalogued in Nigeria is 521. This number includes 510 living languages, 2 second languages without native speakers and 9 extinct languages.

The official language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country post-colonization by the British. The major native languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of African languages – the majority are Niger-Congo languages, such as Yoruba, Ibo, the Hausa language is Afro-Asiatic; and Kanuri, spoken in the northeast, primarily Borno State, is a member of the Nilo-Saharan family. Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English, being the official language, is widely used for education, business transactions and for official purposes. English as a first language, however, remains an exclusive preserve of a small minority of the country’s urban elite, and is not spoken at all in some rural areas.

Nigerian Society and Culture

Religion

Many religions are followed in Nigeria. The constitution guarantees religious freedom. Christians predominantly live in the south of the country, whereas Muslims live predominantly in the north. Native religions in which people believe in deities, spirits and ancestor worship, are spread throughout the country. Many Muslims and Christians may also intertwine their beliefs with more unorthodox indigenous ones.

The major Christian celebrations of Christmas and Easter are recognized as national holidays. Muslims observe Ramadan, the Islamic month of fasting, and the two Eids. Working hours in the north often vary from those in the south so that Muslims do not work on their holy day, which is Friday.

National Pride

Along with South Africa, Nigeria is considered a super-power in the African continent and consequently Nigerians are generally proud of their country. It has the largest population in Africa and the land is endowed with vast quantities of natural resources. It is the sixth largest oil-producing nation and has a well-educated and industrious society. They are fond of the expression, “When Nigeria sneezes, the rest of the African nations (with the exception of South Africa) catch cold.”

The Family

Extended families are still the norm and are in fact the backbone of the social system. Grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles, sisters, brothers and in-laws all work as a unit through life.

Family relationships are guided by hierarchy and seniority. Social standing and recognition is achieved through extended families. Similarly a family’s honour is influenced by the actions of its members. Individuals turn to members of the extended family for financial aid and guidance, and the family is expected to provide for the welfare of every member. Although the role of the extended family is diminishing somewhat in urban areas, there remains a strong tradition of mutual caring and responsibility among the members.

Hierarchy

Nigeria is a hierarchical society. Age and position earns, even demands, respect. Age is believed to confer wisdom so older people are granted respect. The oldest person in a group is revered and honoured. In a social situation, they are greeted and served first. In return the most senior person has the responsibility to make decisions that are in the best interest of the group.

Etiquette and Customs in Nigeria

Meeting People

• The most common greeting is a handshake with a warm, welcoming smile.

• Men may place their left hand on the other person’s shoulder while shaking hands. Smiling and showing sincere pleasure at meeting the person is important.

• As in the rest of Africa, it is rude to rush the greeting process.

• You must take the time to ask about the person’s health, the health of their family, or other social niceties.

• Close friends and family members often kiss and hug when meeting.

• A Nigerian generally waits for the woman to extend her hand.

• Observant Muslims will not generally shake hands with members of the opposite sex.

• Address people initially by their academic, professional or honorific title and their surname.

• Friends may address each other in a variety of ways: the title and the first name, the first name alone, the surname alone, or a nickname.

• Always wait until invited before using someone’s first name.

• When greeting someone who is obviously much older, it is a sign of respect and deference to bow the head.

Gift Giving Etiquette

• If invited to dinner at someone’s home then bring fruit, nuts or chocolates for the host.

• A gift for the children is always a nice touch.

• Gifts should be given using the right hand only or both hands. Never use the left hand only.

• At Ramadan, it is customary for Muslims to give gifts of food and fruit.

• Gifts from a man to a woman must be said to come from the man’s mother, wife, sister, or other female relative, never from the man himself.

• Gifts should be wrapped, although there are no cultural taboos concerning paper colour.

• Gifts are not always opened when received.

Business Etiquette and Protocol

Meeting and Greeting

• Handshakes are the most common greeting.

• Wait for a woman to extend her hand first.

• Shake hands at the beginning and end of meetings.

• To rush a greeting is extremely rude; spend time inquiring about the other person’s general well-being.

• It is a good idea to lower your eyes when meeting someone who is older or more senior.

• Titles are important. Use the honorific title plus any academic or professional title and the surname.

• Wait until invited before moving to a first-name basis. This is not a first name culture, although that may be changing with people under the age of 35.

• Business cards are exchanged without formal ritual.

• Present and receive business cards with two hands or the right hand, never with the left.

• It is a good idea to include any advanced university degree on your business card.

• Make certain that your title is prominently displayed.

• Never write on your business card. If the information has changed, have new cards printed.

• Make a point of studying any business card you receive before putting it into a business card holder.

Nigerian Communication Style

Due to the ethnic make-up of the country, communication styles vary. In the southwest, where the people are from the Yoruba tribe, people’s communication employs proverbs, sayings and even songs to enrich the meaning of what they say. This is especially true when speaking their native language, although many of the same characteristics have been carried into their English language usage. The Yoruba often use humour to prevent boredom during long meetings or serious discussions. They believe that embedding humour in their message guarantees that what they say is not readily forgotten.

Nigerians living in the south of the country tend to speak more directly. You may also find their tone slightly louder than elsewhere. They may raise their voices even more and become emotionally excited when they feel passionately about a topic. At the same time, a harsh tone is considered unwelcoming and even hostile. Nigerians prefer facial expressions that imply empathy and believe an indifferent facial expression indicates that a person is ignorant or obnoxious.

Generally speaking, Nigerians are outgoing and friendly. Communication commences with polite inquiries into the welfare of the person and his family. Such social niceties go a long way since. Therefore, foreigners who take the time to get to know the Nigerian as a person are considered friends and welcomed into a Nigerian’s inner circle of family and close friends.

Nigerian communication can also be indirect and may rely on non-verbal cues. Many use gestures when communicating. They may smile to mask their true feelings, especially when disappointed or confused. Many employ indirect eye contact to demonstrate their respect for the other person. It is common to gaze at the forehead or shoulders of someone they do not know well. Very direct eye contact may be interpreted as being intrusive unless there is a longstanding personal relationship.

At the same time, there are some Nigerians who are extremely direct communicators and have no difficulty stating what is on their minds. Therefore, it is a good idea to observe the situation carefully before determining what behaviour is appropriate.

In general, Nigerians start with the general idea and slowly move into the specific, often using a somewhat circuitous route. Their logic is often contextual. They look for the rationale behind behaviour and attempt to understand the context. They tend to examine behaviour in its total context, not merely what they have observed.

Business Meetings

Nigerians prefer to develop personal relationships prior to conducting business. Therefore, if this is the first time you are meeting with a Nigerian company, you should expect to devote a decent period of time to getting to know people on a personal level. This may take as long as two hours for an initial meeting. Any attempt to bypass this protocol will hamper your business success.

Expect the first few meetings to be somewhat formal as your Nigerian counterparts continue to become comfortable with you as a person. It is a good idea to maintain a polite and somewhat reserved manner until the person you are meeting drops some of his formality. Try to avoid using hyperbole or making exaggerated claims when presenting a business case as Nigerians are naturally suspicious of a deal that sounds too good to be true.

Team members should present a united front at meetings. Any disagreement between members will be interpreted as meaning that you are not relaying the entire story and that they should proceed cautiously.

If you plan to work from an agenda, it is a good idea to send it in advance of the meeting. Nigerians will generally follow the agenda point by point and may want to consult with key stakeholders who will not be present prior to the meeting.

Foreign Driver’s Licence

New immigrants (Olim), tourists and returning Israeli residents (who have lived abroad for at least one whole consecutive year) may use their foreign driver’s licence while driving in Israel. Use of the foreign licence is permitted for one year from the day of arrival to the country; provided you are driving the type of vehicle specified in the licence and that you have reached the required age. In case of repeated entries and departures, each case will be evaluated on its merits.

Converting Foreign Driver’s Licence to Israeli Driver’s Licence

These requirements apply to the following types of vehicles: motorcycles, private vehicles, and commercial vehicles up to 15 tons:

• A valid foreign driver’s license, issued at least six months before the date of entry into the country.

• Medical and eye examinations.

• A control capability driving test. This test evaluates the ability to control a vehicle and appropriate behaviour on the road. The waiting period and the test itself are shorter than usual, and the fee is approximately half of the usual fee. You may take the control capability test up to two times. If you fail for the second time, your must take the standard driving theory and practical driving tests.

• If you have previously held an Israeli diver’s licence you must provide: proof of the length of your stay abroad (your passport or a report of your entries and exits from the Ministry of the Interior). If you had a valid foreign driver’s licence for at least two years prior to your entry into the country, you may request an exemption from the control capability driving test.

• If you have never held an Israeli driver’s licence you must provide your passport as proof of your residence abroad at the time your licence was issued and the date of your entry into the country.

New immigrants (Olim) – may convert their licence within three years from their Aliyah date or from the day they were awarded their Oleh status.

Temporary residents or tourists living in Israel – may convert their licence within one year from their date of arrival to the country, provided they have reach the required age for the requested licence

From: Allo’ Expat Israel

From: Allo’ Expat Israel

Rental Market

There’s a wide variety of housing options face by the prospective tenant in Israel. Locations, sizes and characteristics of homes are as diverse as the country itself. The most important factors to take into consideration (city/ neighbourhood preference, size of apartment and available budget) are common to renting in most countries.

Someone looking to rent should begin with the city or town they wish to live in. If you have some idea of your desired neighbourhood or schools/ synagogues, that will also help narrow the focus of your search, and save time & energy for you and your agent. Most of Israel`s residential communities have a distinct character; therefore, it is critical to research the desired neighbourhood in advance. Many times, it can be a small fact or observation that will be the determining factor in a client`s decision on where to relocate, and that small fact or observation may not be easily ascertainable without the input of someone who is locally based.

Deciding on a Property

After deciding on a neighbourhood, you should zero in on the appropriate size property (number of bedrooms) that matches your budget and taste. Your agent`s knowledge of his service area is critical in choosing only those properties that are compatible to the search. Depending on your requirements, the number of compatible choices may vary.

After a suitable property is found, negotiations begin over the terms of the rental. Just about everything imaginable is subject to negotiation. Rentals in Israel are cheap relative to the value of the property.

There are two reasons for this:

(1) property owners receive a tax break on income from residential rentals, and

(2) tenants generally pay all utilities, taxes & building maintenance. Once all the details are worked out, a lease contract is signed by both parties, and the tenant takes possession of the property for the specified period of time.

Monthly Rental, Utilities & Other Expenses

Items such as utilities, arnona (municipal taxes) and va`ad bayit (building maintenance) are usually the obligation of the tenant in addition to his/ her monthly rent. On short-term rentals, it is more common for the rental to include these expenses (except telephone), but short-term rental prices are also higher than long-term, so in the end, the overall monthly cost to the tenant is very similar. As mentioned earlier, these practices vary from one property to another, and from one owner to another, and all options should be explored in the negotiations prior to signing a lease. A competant agent will provide you with enough information to know what these costs are, and whether or not there is any flexibility on the part of the owner.

Lawyers`s Services

It is common for one lawyer to serve both sides to a rental transaction in the absence of any major areas of conflict between the parties. It is also common for both parties to sign a lease without the services of an attorney. There are standard rental contracts available, which can be modified to suit the unique requirements of the specific transaction. Owners commonly ask the tenant to pay 1/2 the cost of his lawyer to draft the rental agreement. It’s recommended not to agree to this demand, since the owner`s lawyer does not represent the tenant, and if something occurs requiring legal services, the tenant is left unprotected. If there is any question or doubt, the tenant should seek independent representation by a competant lawyer. The cost of such services should not exceed 1/2 month`s rent, but could vary depending on the complexity of the rental, and the issues involved.

Financial Guarantees/ Security

This will also vary from owner to owner. There isn`t a single standard, and this subject is very much open to give & take in the negotiations.

There are several options regarding security:

(1) a check put into the possession of the owner/agent/attorney with the date left open, and in an amount to be agreed upon by both parties (typically anywhere from 1-3 months rent);

(2) a bank guarantee, wherein an agreed upon sum is placed into a closed account in both parties’ names for the duration of the rental (interest can be earned on this closed account, and will accrue to the benefit of the tenant); and

(3) the personal guarantee of someone willing to vouch for the creditworthiness of the tenant (any guarantor must be a local resident-from a practical point of view, trying to chase down someone abroad to make good on a guarantee is impractical).

Realtor`s Fees

The realtor only gets paid if he/she successfully makes the match between landlord and tenant, and a rental contract is indeed signed between the two parties. In Israel, both sides sign a form obligating them to pay a commission if such an event occurs. Each side pays a commission equal to one month`s rent plus 17% Value Added Tax on long-term rentals (one year or more). On short-term rentals (less than one year), each side pays a commission equal to 10% of the total rent paid over the entire rental term plus Value Added Tax. The real estate commission is due & payable immediately upon the signing of the rental contract.

Overview

Expatriate areas

Popular areas for the expatriate community are Tel Aviv, Herzelia and Ramat Hasharon.

Housing

The availability of apartments and houses in the country and particularly in these popular areas varies. Most expatriates rent their apartment or house and rarely buy their homes.

Cost of housing

Varies from area to area and the size of the house or apartment. The local currency is New Israeli Shekel (NIS). However, accommodation leasing (as well as purchasing) prices are set in US$.

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• Relocation to Israel- Relocation Jobs assists companies and candidates with relocation to Israel including visas, work permits, cost of living, moving, preparation programs, salary and benefit surveys, etc.

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